Three Histories of Greening and Whiteness in American Cities

How has urban greening related to the degree of whiteness in neighborhoods? The answer this question provides an essential “historical diagnostic” that can be used develop approach ecology which integrates racial and ethnic change into planning for proposed interventions. In paper we employ state sequence analysis analyze historical trend (including implementation new parks, greenways, community gardens, green recreation areas, nature preserves) between 1975 2014 a sample nine cities United States relative concentrations white non-white residents. We divide three common growth trajectories separately examine trends each trajectory. further illustrate these by mobilizing qualitative data from field work selected neighborhoods help explain processes generate certain key findings quantitative data. find relationship race/ethnicity differs according city-level Cities with continuous high rapid levels postwar period have strongest link increased whiter populations. Meanwhile, contracted or had punctuated pattern, areas uniformly low level occurred mostly recent years. all, show how growth, greening, are inextricably associated qualities American cities. argue understanding association is development race-conscious model enhancing ecosystems.